Circuits+1

Circuit Assignment Area of Interaction: Environments

=== Significant Concepts: Basic circuits ===

=== Unit Question: How have circuits impacted our environments? ===

Circuits impact our environments in many ways. Without them we would not have many of the technologies that we have today. Because of their relatively cheap price and their small size, it allows people access to technologies like cameras, phone, ipods, and computers. Circuits have reshaped the environment completely.

Voltage: electromotive force or  potential difference expressed in __[|volts]__

Current: the __[|time]__ rate of flow  of electric charge, in __[|the]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">direction <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> that a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">positive <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> moving <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">charge would take and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> having <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">magnitude <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> equal to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the quantity of charge <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> per <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">unit time: measured in amperes.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Resistance: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> a property of a conductor <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">by <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> __[|virtue]__ of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">which <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> __[|the]__ passage of current is opposed,causing electric __[|energy]__ to be transformed into heat:equal to the voltage <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">across <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> the conductor divided <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">by thecurrent <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">flowing in the conductor: usually <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> measured inohms.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Circuit: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Also called <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__** [|electric circuit.] **__ the complete path of an <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">electric current, including the generating <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> apparatus,intervening <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">resistors, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">capacitors.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Transistors: <span class="ital-inline" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Electronics // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> semiconductor device that amplifies,oscillates, or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">switches <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> __[|the]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">flow <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of current between twoterminals by varying the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">current or voltage <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> between one ofthe terminals <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and a third: although <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">much <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> smaller in sizethan a vacuum __[|tube]__, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">it performs <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">similar <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> functions withoutrequiring current to heat a cathode.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">LEDs: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">light-emitting <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> diode: a semiconductor diode that emits light when <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">conducting current <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> and is used in <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">electronic <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> equipment, especiallyfor displaying <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">readings on <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> digital <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">watches, calculators, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> etc.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Capacitor: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a device <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> for accumulating and holding a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">charge <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of __[|electricity]__, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">consisting of two equally charged conducting <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> surfaces havingopposite signs and separated by a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">dielectric.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Resistor: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a device designed to introduce <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__[|resistance]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">into <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> an electric <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">circuit.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Switch: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a device <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> for turning on or off or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">directing anelectric <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> current or for <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">making or breaking a circuit.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Digital Electronics: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The implementation <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of __[|two-valued logic]__ using electronic __[|logic gates]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> such as <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__[|and gates]__, __[|or gates]__ and __[|flip-flops]__. In such circuitsthe <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">logical values <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> true and false are represented by two different__[|voltages]__, e.g. 0V for false and +5V for true. Similarly, numbersare normally <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">represented <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> in __[|binary]__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">using two different voltages to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">represented <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> zero and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">one. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Digital electronics contrasts <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">with <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> __[|analogue]__ electronics whichrepresents continuously varying <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">quantities <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> like sound pressureusing <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">continuously varying voltages. Digital <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">electronics <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> is the foundation of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">modern <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> computers and__[|digital communications]__. Massively complex digital logic circuitswith millions of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">gates can <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> now <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">be built onto a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">single <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> __[|integrated circuit]__ such as a __[|microprocessor]__ and these circuits <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">can <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> performmillions of operations per <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">second.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Integrated Circuit: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a circuit of <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> transistors, resistors, and capacitors constructed on asingle <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">semiconductor <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> wafer or chip, in which __[|the]__ components are <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">interconnected <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">perform <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">given function.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Binary Code: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a system of representing letters, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__[|numbers]__, or other characters,using binary <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">notation. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Spend two day creating snap circuits. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">13. How many circuits did you make? (You need to make at least 6 circuits) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">I made 7! <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">14. What was your favorite circuit? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">I liked the circuit that spun the fan really fast then shot it up into the air. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">15. Did you like the snap circuits? Explain why:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">I like the snap circuits because they were easy and I could experiment freely with them.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Spend 4 days making your bug circuit. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">16. Did your circuit work?

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">Unfortunately it did not fully work... It turned on lights but it did not fully function. We identified the problem as a loss of power in Transistor 3. I tried to redo the soldering in that whole area, but I was unable to fix it.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">17. Did you like making the bug circuit? Explain why:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">I liked making these circuits because I like making things that work. I also like soldering because it allows me to solder... something i will probably never do outside of class.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">18. How have circuits impacted our environment?

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Circuits impact our environments in many ways. Without them we would not have many of the technologies that we have today. Because of their relatively cheap price and their small size, it allows people access to technologies like cameras, phone, ipods, and computers. Circuits have reshaped the environment completely.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">How you will be graded: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Answering Questions: +25 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Snap Circuits: +30 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Bug Circuit: +30 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Total: 85